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Title: | Understanding and Using English Grammar - Textbook (Complete) |
| Author: | Azar, Betty Schrampfer | |
| Category: | Grammar Books | |
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Table of Contents 1. Overview of Verb Tenses. The Simple Tenses. The Progressive Tenses. The Perfect Tenses. The Perfect Progressive. Summary Chart of Verb Tenses. Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms. 2. Present and Past, Simple and Progressive. Simple Present. Present Progressive. Stative Verbs. Am/Is/Are Being + Adjective. Regular and Irregular Verbs. Regular Verbs: Pronunciation of -ed Endings. Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical List. Troublesome Verbs: Raise/Rise, Set/Sit, Lay/Lie. Simple Past. Past Progressive. Using Progressive Verbs with Always to Complain. Using Expressions of Place with Progressive Verbs. 3. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses. Present Perfect. Present Perfect Progressive. Past Perfect. Past Perfect Progressive. 4. Future Time. Simple Future: Will and Be Going To. Will vs. Be Going To. Expressing the Future in Time Clauses. Using the Present Progressive and the Simple Present to Express Future Time. Future Progressive. Future Perfect. Future Perfect Progressive. 5. Adverb Clauses of Time and Review of Verb Tenses. Adverb Clauses of Time: Form. Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships. 6. Subject-Verb Agreement. Final -s/-es Use, Pronunciation, and Spelling. Basic Subject-Verb Agreement. Subject-Verb Agreement: Using Expressions of Quantity. Subject-Verb Agreement: Using There + Be. Subject-Verb Agreement: Some Irregularities. 7. Nouns. Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns. Possessive Nouns. Using Nouns as Modifiers. Count and Noncount Nouns. Noncount Nouns. Some Common Noncount Nouns. Basic Article Usage. General Guidelines for Article Usage. Expressions of Quantity. Using A Few and Few; A Little and Little. Using Of in Expressions of Quantity. All (Of) and Both (Of). Singular Expressions of Quantity: One, Each, Every. 8. Pronouns. Personal Pronouns. Person Pronouns: Agreement with Generic Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns. Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Collective Nouns. Reflexive Pronouns. Using You, One, and They as Impersonal Pronouns, Forms of Other. Common Expressions with Other. 9. Modals, Part 1. Introduction. Polite Questions with I as the Subject. Polite Questions with You as the Subject. Polite Requests with Would You Mind. Expressing Necessity: Must, Have To, Have Got To Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: Have To and Must in the Negative. Advisability: Should, Ought To, Had Better. The Past Form of Should. Expectations: Be Supposed To. Making Suggestions: Let's, Why Don't, Shall I/We. Making Suggestions: Could vs. Should. 10. Modals, Part 2. Degrees of Certainty: Present Time. Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative. Degrees of Certainty: Past Time. Degrees of Certainty: Future Time. Progressive Forms of Modals. Ability: Can and Could. Using Would To Express a Repeated Action in the Past. Expressing Preference: Would Rather. Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals. Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions. 11. The Passive. Forming the Passive. Using the Passive. Indirect Objects Used as Passive Subjects. The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals. State Passive. Common State Passive Verbs + Prepositions. The Passive with Get. Participle Adjectives. 12. Noun Clauses. Introduction. Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word. Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether or If. Question Words Followed by Infinitives. Noun Clauses Beginning with That. Quotes Speech. Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses. Using the Subjunctive in Noun Clauses. Using -Ever Words. 13. Adjective Clauses. Introduction. Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject. Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Verb. Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition. Usual Patterns of Adjective Clauses. Using Whose. Using Where in Adjective Clauses. Using When in Adjective Clauses. Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns. Punctuating Adjective Clauses. Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses. Using Noun + Of Which. Using Which To Modify a Whole Sentence. Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introducing. Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase. 14. Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 1. Gerunds: Introduction. Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions. Common Preposition Combinations Followed by Gerunds. Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds. Go + Gerund. Special Expressions Followed by -ing. Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives. Common Verbs Followed by either Infinitives of Gerunds. Reference List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds. Reference List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives. It + Infinitive; Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects. 15. Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2. Infinitive of Purpose: In Order To. Adjectives Followed By Infinitives. Using Infinitives with Too and Enough Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds. Using Gerunds of Passive Infinitives Following Need. Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund. Using Verbs of Perception. Using the Simple Form After Let and Help. Using Causative verbs: Make, Have, Get. 16. Coordinating Conjunctions. Parallel Structure. Using Paired Conjunctions: Both…And; Not Only…But Also; Either…Or; Neither…Nor. Combining Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions. 17. Adverb Clauses. Introduction. Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect. Expressing Contrast (Unexpected Result): Using Even Though. Showing Direct Contrast: While and Whereas. Expressing Conditions in Adverb Clauses: If-Clauses. Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using Whether or Not and Even If. Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using In Case and In The Event That. Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using Unless. Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using Only If. 18. Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases. Introduction. Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases. Expressing the Idea of "During the Same Time" in Modifying Adverbial Phrases. Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying Adverbial Phrases. Using UPON + -ing in Modifying Adverbial Phrases. 19. Connectives that Express Cause and Effect, Contrast and Condition. Using Because Of and Due To. Using Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: Therefore and Consequently. Summary Patterns and Punctuation. Other Ways of Expressing Cause and Effect: Such…That and So…That. Expressing Purpose: Using So That. Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result). Showing Direct Contrast. Expressing Conditions: Using Otherwise and or (Else). Summary of Connectives: Cause and Effect, Contrast, Condition. 20. Conditional Sentences and Wishes. Overview of Basic Verb Forms Used in Conditional Sentences. True in the Present in the Present of Future, Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or Future. Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past. Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional Sentences. Using “Mixed Time” in Conditional Sentences. Omitting If. Implied Conditions. Using As If/As Through. Verb Forms Following Wish. Using Would To Make Wishes About the Future. Appendix Supplementary Grammar Units A: Basic Grammar. Terminology. Subjects, Verbs, and Objects. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases. Adjectives. Adverbs. The Verb. Be. Linking Verbs. Unit B: Questions. Forms of Yes/No and Information Questions. Question Words. Shortened Yes/No Questions. Negative Questions. Tag Questions. Unit C: Contractions. Unit D: Negatives. Using Not and Other Negative Words. Avoiding Double Negatives. Beginning a Sentence with a Negative Word. Unit E: Prepositions Combinations. Preposition Combinations with Adjectives and Verbs. Unit F: Connectives to Give Examples and to Continue an Idea. Connectives to Give Examples. Connectives to Continue the Same Idea. Unit G: Verb Form Review Exercises. Index. |
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